Composición de los macroinvertebrados según la calidad del agua en turberas de altura, Costa Rica / Composition of macroinvertebrates according to water quality in high altitude peatbogs, Costa Rica

Resumen Introducción: En Costa Rica, las turberas de altura se localizan en la Cordillera de Talamanca de 2 400 a 3 200 m. Se forman a partir de depósitos de materia orgánica en descomposición, con oxígeno reducido y baja disponibilidad de nutrientes. Objetivo: Evaluar la variación en la composición de macroinvertebrados acuáticos según parámetros fisicoquímicos de calidad del agua superficial en turberas de altura, Costa Rica. Métodos: Se colocaron 32 sustratos artificiales en las turberas para ser colonizados por macroinvertebrados. Se realizaron evaluaciones fisicoquímicas mensuales del agua superficial en ocho turberas con visitas mensuales durante la estación lluviosa. Se utilizaron los índices ICA-NSF y BMWP-CR para evaluar la calidad del agua. Resultados: Se registraron un total de diez familias correspondientes a siete géneros. Las familias más representativas fueron Chironomidae y Limnephilidae. La calidad del agua se clasificó según el ICA-NSF como de "calidad media" y como de "calidad regular a mala" según el BMWP-CR. Conclusiones: Las turberas de altura son ecosistemas poco estudiados, esta investigación evidencia la necesidad de diseñar metodologías e índices que evalúen la fauna acuática. Las turberas son diferentes entre sí, y las familias de macroinvertebrados encontrados son tolerantes a las características fisicoquímicas del agua. Es necesario realizar estudios periódicos que evalúen la calidad del agua y su relación con los macroinvertebrados acuáticos para entender la dinámica de las turberas, generar conocimiento e incrementar su protección.

Abstract Introduction: In Costa Rica, high peatbogs are located in the Cordillera de Talamanca from 2 400 to 3 200 m. They are formed from deposits of decomposing organic matter, with reduced oxygen and low nutrient availability. Objective: To evaluate the variation in the composition of aquatic macroinvertebrates according to physicochemical parameters of superficial water quality in high altitude peatbogs, Costa Rica. Methods: 32 artificial substrates were placed in the peatbogs to be colonized by macroinvertebrates. Monthly physicochemical evaluations of surface water were performed in eight peatbogs with monthly visits during the rainy season. The ICA-NSF and BMWP-CR indexes were used to evaluate the water quality. Results: A total of ten families corresponding to seven genera were recorded. The most representative family was Chironomidae and Limnephilidae. Water quality was classified according to the ICA-NSF as "medium quality" and as "regular to poor quality" according to BMWP-CR. Conclusions: The high peatbogs are poorly studied ecosystems; this research shows the need to design methodologies and indices to evaluate the aquatic fauna. The peatbogs are different from each other, and the families of macroinvertebrates found are tolerant to the physicochemical characteristics of the water. Periodic studies that evaluate water quality and its relationship with aquatic macroinvertebrates are necessary to understand the dynamics of peatlands, generate knowledge and increase their protection.

Nest refuse of Acromyrmex balzani (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) increases the plant vigor in Turnera subulata (Turneraceae) / O substrato de descarte de Acromyrmex balzani (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) aumenta o vigor da planta Turnera subulata (Turneraceae)

Some studies report the positive effect of organic residues from ant nests on soil properties and on the structure of the adjacent plant community in field experiments, but there is a gap about the effect on individual species. The purpose of the present study was to compare the soil nutrient content and the development of Turnera subulata Smith, an ornamental species, in the presence of the nest refuse (basically composed of fragments of grass leaves and the symbiotic fungus) produced by the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex balzani (Emery, 1890) or in control soil through a greenhouse pot experiment. The experiment was carried out with two treatments: control soil and soil with 25% of nest refuse. The plants were kept in 1L pots for 90 days. We evaluated the parameters: plant height, stem diameter, root length, number of leaves, dry weight of the root, dry and fresh aboveground biomass. Additionally, the relative chlorophyll content and leaf nutrients were used as nutritional parameters. As a result, plants that grew in the soil with nest refuse showed significant higher values of all parameters evaluated when compared to the control treatment (p < 0.001). We conclude that this biofertilizer contributed to the production of more vigorous plants, being able to act on the local dynamics of nutrients in the ecosystems where A. balzani occurs. As it is relatively abundant and easy to collect, the refuse of A. balzani has the potential to be used as an alternative substrate in the production of shortlife cycle plants.

Alguns estudos relatam o efeito positivo de resíduos orgânicos de formigueiros nas propriedades do solo e na estrutura da comunidade de plantas adjacentes em experimentos de campo, mas há uma lacuna sobre o efeito em espécies individuais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o desenvolvimento de Turnera subulata Smith, uma espécie ornamental, na presença do substrato de descarte (SD) de formigueiros produzido pela formiga cortadeira Acromyrmex balzani (Emery, 1890) por meio de experimento em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi conduzido com dois tratamentos: solo controle e solo com 25% de SD. As plantas foram mantidas em vasos de 1L por 90 dias. Foram avaliados os parâmetros: altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, comprimento da raiz, número de folhas, massa seca da raiz, biomassa seca e fresca da parte aérea. Além disso, o conteúdo relativo de clorofila e os nutrientes foliares foram usados como parâmetros fisiológicos. Como resultado, as plantas que cresceram no solo com SD apresentaram valores significativamente maiores de todos os parâmetros avaliados quando comparadas ao tratamento controle (p < 0.001). Concluímos que esse biofertilizante contribuiu para a produção de plantas mais vigorosas, podendo atuar na dinâmica local de nutrientes nos ecossistemas onde A. balzani ocorre. Além disso, por ser relativamente abundante e fácil de coletar, o SD de A. balzani tem potencial para ser utilizado como biofertilizante na produção de plantas de ciclo de vida curta.

Capacidade do Laminado Cerâmico conservador de dissilicato de lítio e do cimento resinoso em mascarar diferentes substratos e compatibilidade de cor das pastas try-in / Masking ability of ultraconservative lithium disilicate laminate veneers on diferents dental substrates and color compatibility of try-in pastes

O intuito do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito de laminados cerâmicos de dissilicato de lítio e cimentos resinosos com cor para mascarar diferentes substratos e a compatibilidade de cor das pastas try-in. Foram produzidos 120 laminados cerâmicos de dissilicato de lítio na cor B1 com 0,5 mm de espessura em três diferentes níveis de translucidez: HT, MT e LT (Emax CAD Ivoclar); cimentados com cimento resinoso (Allcem Veneer FGM) nas cores Opaque White (OW) e Trans (TRANS), com espessura de cimentação de 100 micrômetros, em substratos de resina composta (Opallis FGM) de 3mm (1mm esmalte e 2mm dentina), com saturações opostas: A1 e A4, totalizando 12 grupos (n=10). Os espécimes foram submetidos à análise de cor por meio de um espectrofotômetro e as leituras feitas em oito diferentes tipos: laminados, substratos, prova seca, prova úmida, try-in, cimento resinoso não polimerizado, polimerizado imediato (T0) e polimerizado após 24 horas (T24). A partir dessas leituras foram obtidos os valores L*, a* e b* de reflectância, calculada a diferença de cor (E00) e o parâmetro de translucidez (PT). Para interpretação foram utilizados limites de perceptibilidade (LP) e aceitabilidade (LA) de diferença de cor sendo E00 = 0.8 o LP e E00 = 1.8 o LA. As diferenças de cores entre a pasta try-in e o cimento polimerizado em T0 e T24; e do cimento resinoso polimerizado imediato (T0) e após 24 horas (T24) mantiveram abaixo do LA e analisadas pelo teste de Kruskal Wallis não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p>0.05). Os valores de E00 obtidos entre as cores de cimento resinoso nas cerâmicas HT e MT mantiveram acima do LA e nas LT abaixo do LA e acima do LP, e analisados por ANOVA não foram encontradas diferenças entre eles (p>0.05). Na comparação de cor entre os substratos (A1 e A4) os valores de E00 mantiveram acima do LA, com uma menor diferença na cerâmica LT, comprovada pelo teste de Kruskal Wallis (p=0.000) e Dunn. Para os valores de E00 obtidos da diferença entre a prova úmida com a cor final da restauração, foi realizado teste de Kruskall Wallis e Dunn, que identificaram diferenças (p=0.0001) entre HTTRANS e HTOW em T0, HTOW em T0 com todos os grupos de LT e HTOW em T24 e LTTRANS e LTOW em T0 no substrato de cor A1 e diferenças entre os grupos (p=0.000) HTOW em T0 e T24 e LTOW em T0 no substrato de cor A4. No parâmetro de translucidez (PT) foi realizado o teste de Mann-Whitney. Para o substrato A1, existiu diferença entre os grupos (p=0.0028) onde HT-TRANS se apresenta com maior translucidez, e no substrato A4 o teste não apontou diferença entre os grupos (p>0.05). Pode-se concluir que as cores das pastas try-in são fiéis aos seus cimentos polimerizados e que existe estabilidade de cor da restauração nas primeiras 24 horas. A cor do substrato é a principal variável na translucidez da restauração com laminados ultrafinos e a translucidez da cerâmica é o fator chave na capacidade de mascaramento de diferentes cores de substratos.

Aftershocks of the Samarco disaster: diminished growth and increased metal content of Raphanus sativuscultivated in soil with mining tailings

The collapse of the Fundão tailings dam of the Samarco mining complex in Mariana, Brazil, was the largest mining disaster in the world to date with many socio-economic and environmental impacts. Soil affected by mining tailings was severely altered with negative impacts for agriculture. We tested whether diluting mining tailings with organic soil would eliminate or at least attenuate the ecotoxic effects on plant development and performance. We cultivated radish, Raphanus sativus,in substrates containing different proportions of mining tailings and organic soil: pure tailings (T100%); 2) tailings75%+ soil25%(T75%); 3) tailings50%+ soil50%(T50%); 4) tailings25%+ soil75%(T25%), and 5) pure organic soil (Soil100%, control). There were large differences in soil quality parameters between the 100% tailings treatment (T100%) and the control (Soil100%), as well as for some parameters in the most diluted treatment -T25%(Ca2+, Fe, Mn) in relation to the controltreatment. Although dilution of the tailings soil improved radish development, there was lower radish productivity (leaf area, total biomass, and root/tuber biomass) than for pure soil (control). There were also significantly higher amounts of bioaccumulated metals in radish tubers grown with tailings, even when grown in T25%for Fe content and in T75%for Mn content. These results present a worrisome scenario for human communities in the region of the Doce river, as human consumption of crops produced in soil contaminated with tailingsis not recommended due to potential toxicological effects from high metal concentrations.(AU)

Microorganismos xerófilos cultivables de la zona semiárida de la Tatacoa (Colombia) / Culture xerophile microorganisms from the Tatacoa semiarid zone (Colombia)

Resumen Introducción. Los microorganismos xerófilos han adquirido una mayor relevancia para la realización de investigaciones relacionadas con sus mecanismos adaptativos frente al estrés hídrico, así como la caracterización e identificación de sus hábitats. En Colombia, las zonas semiáridas y desérticas como el desierto de la Tatacoa han sido poco estudiadas a nivel microbiano. Objetivo. Aislar y caracterizar microorganismos xerófilos provenientes del suelo de la zona semiárida de la Tatacoa del departamento del Huila (Colombia). Materiales y métodos. Se colectaron muestras en los sectores denominados localmente como Cuzco y La Victoria, las cuales fueron procesadas para el aislamiento de microorganismos xerófilos en medio selectivo M40Y para posterior caracterización macro y microscópica, así como evaluación mediante pruebas bioquímicas para la utilización de sustratos. Resultados. Fueron aislados 29 morfotipos entre los cuales se pudieron diferenciar: Bacilos y cocos Gram positivos presentes exclusivamente en el sector del Cuzco y bacterias filamentosas ramificadas (actinobacterias) únicamente en el sector de La Victoria. Se estableció la presencia de los géneros Streptomyces, Micrococcus y Corynebacterium. Conclusiones. La presencia de microorganismos relacionados con los géneros anteriormente mencionados permitirá comprender las posibles interacciones que se presentan en este ecosistema, lo que aportará al desarrollo de este lugar como un posible análogo para estudios de búsqueda de vida en otros planetas como Marte. Además, incentivar estudios más detallados donde se puedan recuperar microorganismos que sean de utilidad para diferentes procesos biotecnológicos.

Abstract Introduction. Xerophilic microorganisms have become more relevant for conducting research related to their adaptive mechanisms against water stress, as well as the characterization and identification of their habitats. In Colombia, semi-arid and desert areas such as the Tatacoa desert have been little studied at the microbial level. Objective. Isolation and characterization of cultivable xerophilic microorganisms from the soil of the semi-arid zone of Tatacoa, in the department of Huila (Colombia). Material and methods. For this, samples were collected in the sectors locally called Cuzco and La Victoria, which were processed for the isolation of xerophilic microorganisms in selective M40Y medium for subsequent macro and microscopic characterization, as well as evaluation by biochemical tests for the use of substrates. Results. 29 morphotypes were isolated among which it was possible to differentiate: Gram-positive bacilli and cocci present exclusively in the Cuzco sector and branched filamentous bacteria (Actinobacteria) only in the La Victoria sector. The presence of the genera Streptomyces, Micrococcus and Corynebacterium was established. Conclusions. The presence of microorganisms related to the mentioned genera will allow us to understand the possible interactions that occur in this ecosystem, which will contribute to the development of this place as a possible analogue of studies for the search for life on other planets such as Mars. In addition, promote more detailed studies where microorganisms that are useful for different biotechnological processes can be recovered.

Efeitos benéficos da bebida probiótica kombucha / Efectos beneficiosos de la bebida probiótica kombucha / Beneficial effects of the probiotic drink kombucha

A kombuchaoukombuchá é uma bebidaprobiótica de origem asiática, levemente alcoólica e efervescente, adocicada, e fermentada por um consórcio de bactérias e leveduras (SCOBY, Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast), preferencialmente a partir da infusão das folhas da Camellia sinensis. Vista por muitos como um refrigerante natural, a kombucha demonstrou ser um produto que dá resposta não só à crescente procura de estilos de vida mais saudáveis, mas também à emergente moda dos alimentos funcionais e fermentados. O seu consumo tem sido associado a uma grande variedade de efeitos benéficos para a saúde, desde efeitos imunoestimulantes, antioxidantes, antimicrobianos, hepatoprotetores, anticancerígenos, entre outros. Ainda que estas potencialidades não estejam devidamente confirmadas por evidência clínica, os resultados experimentais in vitro fomentam a sua introdução no regime alimentar, com o objetivo de atrasar ou até mesmo reverter alguns estados patológicos e consequentemente promover a saúde e o bem-estar geral do indivíduo. Neste contexto, o presente artigo objetivou revisar os principais constituintes químicos e biológicos da kombucha, as suas potencialidades preventivas e terapêuticas, e ainda alguns riscos associados à produção inadequada e ao consumo excessivo do chá fermentado

La kombucha o kombuchá es una bebida probiótica de origen asiático, ligeramente alcohólica y efervescente, endulzada, obtenida por la fermentación, generalmente de la infusión de hoja de té (Camellia sinensis) por un consorcio de bacterias y levaduras (SCOBY, Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast). Visto por muchos como un refresco natural, la kombucha ha demostrado ser un producto que responde no solo a la creciente demanda de estilos de vida más saludables, sino también a la tendencia emergente de alimentos funcionales y fermentados. Su consumo se ha asociado con una amplia gama de efectos beneficiosos para la salud, como inmunoestimulantes, antioxidantes, antimicrobianos, hepatoprotectores y anticancerígenos, entre otros. Aunque estas potencialidades no están clínicamente confirmadas, los resultados experimentales in vitro sugieren que su introducción en la dieta podría ser útil para prevenir o tratar algunos estados patológicos y promover la salud y el bienestar general del individuo. En este contexto, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo revisar los principales componentes químicos y biológicos de la kombucha, sus potenciales efectos preventivos y terapéuticos, así como los riesgos asociados con una producción inadecuada o un consumo excesivo

Kombucha is an asian-origin probiotic drink, slightly alcoholic and effervescent, sweetened, and fermented by a consortium of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY, Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast), preferably produced from the infusion of leaves of the Camellia sinensis.Seen by many as a natural soda, kombucha has proven to be a product that responds not only to the growing demand for healthier lifestyles, but also to the emerging trend of functional and fermented foods. The consumption of this beverage has been associated with a wide variety of beneficial health effects, such as immunostimulant effects, antioxidant, antimicrobial, hepatoprotector, anticancer, among others. Although these potentialities are not clinicaly confirmed, invitro experimental results suggest that its introduction into the diet could help in the prevention or treatment of some pathological states, as well as in promoting the human health and general well-being. Within this context, this article aims to review the main chemical and biological constituents of kombucha, its preventive and therapeutic potentials, and also the risks associated with an inadequate production or an excessive consumption

Biomass of unconventional plants from Brazilian semiarid as substrate for hydrolytic enzymes production by Aspergillus niger under solid and submerged fermentation

Aspergillus niger KIJH was grown in solid and submerged fermentation using leaves and roots (with and without bark) of plants typically from Brazilian semiarid as substrate to produce a multienzymatic extract, which was characterised for its potential biotechnological applications. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) was applied to select the most promising plants biomass as induction substrates for the production of hydrolytic enzymes by fungus. The best biomasses were used as substrate in submerged fermentation (SmF) assays at two scales. Samples of up scale fermented culture were partially purified by ultrafiltration and activity and pH and temperature stability of CMCase and xylanase were evaluated. A. niger KIJH produced hydrolytic enzymes under SSF containing unconventional plants biomass from Brazilian semiarid. In SmF conditions, maximum CMCase (0.264 U mL-1) and xylanase (1.163 U mL-1) activities were induced by Jacaratia corumbensis. Scaling up the SmF to 500 mL of medium was able to maintain constant the production of CMCase (0.346 U mL-1) and xylanase (1.273 U mL-1) on the fermented culture. Ultrafiltered and concentrated extract presented CMCase activities practically constant in all temperature ranges (30-80°C) and pH (3.0-9.0), while xylanase optimum activity temperature was 50°C and pH in the range of 3.0 to 5.0. CMCase activity remained stable for 24 hours at 50°C

Growth and proximate composition of Pleurotus ostreatuscultivated on green bocaiuva pulp substrates with different nitrogen sources

The aim of this work was to evaluate the growth and the proximate compositionof the mycelium-based bocaiuva pulp with the edible mushroom Pleurotusostreatuson green bocaiuva flour added with different sources of nitrogen (urea, ammonium nitrate and sulfate ammonia). Growth was monitored by kinectics. At the end, the proximate composition of the best three treatments (dehydrated green bocaiuva pulp and water, T1; dehydrated green bocaiuva pulp and ammonium nitrate, T3; and green bocaiuva pulp/wheat bran and ammonium nitrate, T7) was determined. Ammonium nitrate was the nitrogen source that showed the greatest growth in both substrates (T3:8.33 cm and T7:7.67 cm) in relation to the other treatments (4.67 to 7.17 cm), with emphasis on the green bocaiuva pulp. The substrate with green bocaiuva pulp and water was the one that showed the highest growth (7.50 cm), which was close to the treatment with mixed substrate and ammonium nitrate (7.67 cm). The treatment with the green bocaiuva pulp and ammonium nitrate (T3) was highlighted due to its significant increase in proteins (9.42 g 100 g-1) and fibers (5.21 g 100 g-1), and decrease in carbohydrates (9.52 g 100 g-1), in comparison to the other treatments T7 (8.94, 2.16, and 5.99 g 100 g-1, respectively) and T1 (2.78, 4.33, and 2.28 g 100 g-1, respectively). The product obtained from the growth of P. ostreatusin green bocaiuva pulp presents promising perspectives to be utilized as raw material for the development of new food products with added nutritional value.

Seed potato minitubers production in a reused substrate / Produção de minitubérculos de batata-semente em substrato reutilizado

Minituber production is an important step to obtain high-quality seed potatoes. This production is carried out in a greenhouse using a large volume of commercial substrate acquired in specialized trade. An alternative to reduce the volume of substrate purchased for each production of minitubers would be to reuse it, which would be a way to optimize its use. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of reused substrates in the minituber production. The experiment was conducted in Tapira-MG with the Atlantic potato cultivar. The experimental design was a randomized block with six treatments and four replications, where each plot was represented by a box (0.15 x 0.4 x 0.5m: height, width, and length, respectively) containing substrates. Treatments consisted of formulation 04-14-08 rates (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 g box-1) added to reused substrate and a control consisting of a new virgin substrate. At 45 days after transplanting, the following characteristics were evaluated: stem size (cm), and quantities of fresh and dry matter of aerial part of plants. Harvesting was performed manually, counting, and calculating the yield of tubers according to class. The reuse substrate with enriched nutrient regardless of the rate, when compared to the use of a new virgin substrate, did not interfere in potato plant development and in the total productivity of minitubers of classes I, II, III, and IV. This can be a feasible alternative for optimizing the use of the virgin substrate. The rate of 25 g box-1 of 4-14-8 is sufficient to provide the needs of potato in nutrients, ensuring high productivity.

A produção de minitubérculos é uma etapa importante para obtenção de batata-semente de alta qualidade. Esta produção é realizada em casa de vegetação e utiliza grande volume de substrato comercial adquirido no comércio especializado. Uma alternativa para diminuir o volume de substrato adquirido a cada produção de minitubérculos seria a reutilização do mesmo, o que seria uma forma de otimizar o seu uso. Neste sentido, objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência de substratos reutilizados na produção de minitubérculos de batata. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Tapira-MG, com a cultivar Atlantic. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, onde cada parcela foi representada por uma caixa (0,15 x 0,4 x 0,5 m: altura, largura e comprimento, respectivamente) contendo substratos. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por doses do formulado 04-14-08 (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 g caixa-1) adicionadas ao substrato reutilizado e uma testemunha com substrato virgem. Aos 45 dias após o transplantio foram avaliadas as características: tamanho de haste (cm), matéria fresca e matéria seca da parte aérea. A colheita foi realizada manualmente e procedeu a contagem e a produtividade de tubérculos, em classes. O substrato reutilizado enriquecido com nutrientes, independentemente da dose, quando comparado ao substrato virgem, não interferiu no desenvolvimento da planta de batata e na produtividade total dos minitubérculos das classes I, II, III e IV. Esta pode ser uma alternativa viável para otimizar o uso do substrato virgem. A taxa de 25 g box-1 de 4-14-8 é suficiente para atender às necessidades de batata em nutrientes, garantindo alta produtividade.

Physical habitat as predictor of fish trophic structure in Brazilian Atlantic rainforest streams

Trophic structure of fish assemblages is one of the most sensitive indicators of changes in streams environments. Since it is crucial to understand the response of trophic groups to habitat alteration, our study aimed to address this research gap by assessing the influence of substrate composition, meso-habitat variability, and bank stability, on the richness, biomass, and number of individuals of carnivores, invertivores, omnivores, and herbivorous-detritivores. Using an electrofishing device, we sampled 13 Atlantic rainforest streams reaches in a degradation gradient, located in the upper Paranapanema river basin. Sample points were ranked using a physical habitat index. More pristine streams had high availability of twigs, trunks, rocks and boulders in the substrate, great meso-habitat variability, and the presence of roots, trunks, and rocks in the margins. Canonical correlations between habitat characteristics and trophic groups explained more than 90% of data variability. Richness and number of individuals of invertivores increased in more preserved stream reaches, while richness of carnivores and number of individuals of omnivores decreased. These results demonstrate that trophic structure varies according to level of degradation, and that invertivore richness represents the best indicator of fish trophic structure responses to physical habitat alterations in streams.(AU)

A estrutura trófica da assembleia de peixes é um dos indicadores mais sensíveis a alterações ambientais em riachos. Considerando a relevância de entender a resposta de grupos tróficos à alteração ambiental, este estudo buscou preencher esta lacuna científica avaliando a influência da composição do substrato, variabilidade de meso-hábitats e estabilidade das margens sobre riqueza, biomassa e número de indivíduos de peixes carnívoros, invertívoros, onívoros e herbívoros-detritívoros. Amostramos com pesca elétrica 13 trechos de riachos de Mata Atlântica com estado de conservação variável, localizados na parte superior da bacia do alto rio Paranapanema. Os pontos amostrais foram ranqueados pelo índice de hábitat fisico. Riachos mais presevados apresentaram mais galhos, troncos, matacões e blocos no substrato, maior variabilidade de meso-hábitats e maior quantidade de raízes, troncos e rochas nas margens. As correlações canônicas explicaram mais de 90% da variabilidade dos dados. A riqueza e o número de indivíduos de invertívoros aumentaram em riachos mais preservados, enquanto que a riqueza de carnívoros e o número de indivíduos onívoros diminuíram. Estes resultados demonstram que a estrutura trófica varia em resposta ao nível de preservação, e que a riqueza de invertívoros é o melhor indicador de respostas da estrutura trófica às alterações do hábitat em riachos.(AU)

Biological efficiency and nutritional value of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated in agroindustrial wastes of palm oil fruits and cocoa almonds / Eficiência biológica e valor nutricional de Pleurotus ostreatus cultivados em resíduos agroindustriais de dendê e amêndoa de cacau

The cocoa and palm oil agro-industries active in the state of Bahia, Brazil, generate high quantities of lignocellulosic wastes that could be recycled through their use in the formulation of substrates to cultivate edible mushrooms. Pleurotus ostreatus, also known as oyster mushroom, is the second most cultivated mushroom in the world due to its highly appreciated gastronomic, nutritional, and medicinal characteristics. This work evaluated the vertical mycelium growth, biological efficiency, mushroom yield, and nutritional composition of P. ostreatus produced in substrates formulated with a combination of palm oil fruit mesocarp (POFM) and cocoa almond peels (CAP) processing wastes. The substrates were formulated with the following POFM/CAP proportions (%/%): S1 ­ 86.4/9.6; S2 ­ 76.8/19.2; S3 ­ 67.2/28.8; S4 ­ 57.6/38.4, and S5 ­ 48.0/48.0. Substrates also received 3% powdered charcoal and 1% calcium carbonate. Substrates S1, S2, S3, and S4 were superior for vertical mycelium growth. S2 promoted the best biological efficiency (148.8%) and yield (560.5g·kg-1).The mushrooms produced in all substrates presented good nutritional values, although mushrooms produced using the S2 presented the highest crude protein content. Overall, S1 is the recommended substrate as it results in higher yields of nutrient rich mushrooms. Production of P. ostreatus in substrates composed of POFM and CAP represents a good alternative for recycling these wastes with potential economic and ecological benefits to regions where palm oil and cocoa are grown.(AU)

As indústrias de cacau e óleo de dendê no estado da Bahia, Brasil, geram grandes quantidades de resíduos lignocelulósicos que podem ser reciclados na formulação de substratos para o cultivo de cogumelos comestíveis. Pleurotus ostreatus ou cogumelo ostra é o segundo cogumelo mais cultivado no mundo por apresentar características gastronômicas, nutricionais e medicinais muito apreciadas. Este estudo avaliou o crescimento micelial vertical, a eficiência biológica, a produção e a composição nutricional de P. ostreatus produzido em substratos formulados com a combinação de resíduos do processamento de frutos de dendê (mesocarpo do fruto de dendê ­ MFD) e de amêndoas de cacau (tegumento de amêndoas de cacau ­ TAC). Os substratos foram formulados com as seguintes proporções de MFD e TAC (%/%): S1: 86,4/9,6; S2: 76,8/19,2; S3: 67,2/28,8; S4: 57,6/38,4 e S5: 48,0/48,0. Os substratos também receberam 3% de carvão e 1% de carbonato de cálcio. Os substratos S1, S2, S3 e S4 foram superiores quanto ao crescimento micelial vertical. S2 promoveu os melhores resultados para eficiência biológica (148,8%) e produção (560.5 g·kg-1). Os cogumelos produzidos em todos os substratos apresentaram valores nutricionais promissores. Entretanto, os cogumelos produzidos com o substrato S2 apresentaram o maior conteúdo de proteína bruta. De modo geral, S1 é o substrato recomendado por resultar na maior produção de cogumelos ricos em nutrientes. A produção de P. ostreatus em substratos compostos por MFD e TAC representa uma boa alternativa para a reciclagem desses resíduos com potenciais benefícios econômicos e ecológicos para as regiões produtoras de dendê e cacau.(AU)

Newly Isolated Penicillium sp. for Cellulolytic Enzyme Production in Soybean Hull Residue

Abstract (1) Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the production and partial characterization of xylanase and avicelase by a newly isolated Penicillium sp. in solid-state fermentation, using soybean hulls as substrate. (2) Methods: Temperature, time, number of spores, and substrate moisture on xylanase and avicelase bioproduction were evaluated, maximizing activity with 30°C, 1x106 spores/g substrate, 14 and 7 days of fermentation with 70 and 76% substrate moisture contents, for xylanase and avicelase, respectively. (3) Results: Different solvents, temperatures, and agitation in the enzymatic extraction were evaluated, obtaining higher activities, 430.77 and 26.77 U/g for xylanase and avicelase using 30 min extraction and 0.05 M citrate buffer solution (pH 4.5 ), respectively at 60°C and 175 rpm and 50°C and 125 rpm. The optimum pH and temperature for enzymatic activity determination were 5.3 and 50°C. Enzyme extract stability was evaluated, obtaining higher stability with pH between 4.5 and 5.5, higher temperature of up to 40°C. The kinetic thermal denaturation (Kd), half-life time, D-value, and Z-value were similar for both enzymes. The xylanase Ed value (89.1 kJ/mol) was slightly lower than the avicelase one (96.7 kJ/mol), indicating higher thermostability for avicelase. (4) Conclusion: In this way, the production of cellulases using alternative substrates is a way to reduce production costs, since they represent about 10% of the world demand of enzymes, with application in animal feed processing, food production and breweries, textile processing, detergent and laundry production, pulp manufacturing and the production of biofuels.

Influence of fertilizer and hydrogel on physical-chemical attributes of substrate for seedling production / Influência de adubação e hidrogel nos atributos físico-químicos de substrato para produção de mudas florestais

The incorporation of the hydrogel into the substrate used in the forest nursery promotes improvements in its physical-chemical attributes. However, several factors influence the hydrogel efficiency, such as the increase of salts, promoted by fertilizer of the substrate. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of the incorporation of fertilizer levels and hydrogel doses on the physical-chemical attributes of a substrate to produce forest seedlings. Different levels of basic fertilizer commonly used in the nursery (100%, 50% and 0%) and different doses of the hydrogel (0, 1, 2 and 3 g L-1) were incorporated into the substrate Tropstrato Florestal®, consisting of 12 treatments in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme. A sample of the substrate in each treatment was sent for analysis of its physical and chemical attributes. To evaluate the effect of the treatments on the physical-chemical attributes of the substrate, was used the multivariate principal components analyses. The levels of fertilizer and hydrogel doses were correlated with the attributes of the substrates obtained in each treatment. The incorporation of different fertilizer levels and hydrogel doses to the substrate modified their chemical and physical attributes. Fertilizers have influenced mainly the chemical attributes of the substrate, whereas hydrogels have influenced the physical attributes, mainly those related to water retention capacity and availability.

A incorporação do hidrogel ao substrato utilizado no viveiro florestal promove melhorias em seus atributos físico-químicos. Porém vários fatores influenciam na eficiência do hidrogel, como o aumento de sais, promovido pela adubação do substrato. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da incorporação de níveis de adubação e doses de hidrogel sobre os atributos físico-químicos de um substrato para a produção de mudas florestais. Foram incorporados ao substrato Tropstrato Florestal® diferentes níveis da adubação de base comumente utilizada no viveiro (100%, 50% e 0%) e diferentes doses do hidrogel (0, 1, 2 e 3 g L-1), consistindo em 12 tratamentos em esquema fatorial 3 x 4. Uma amostra do substrato em cada tratamento foi encaminhada para análise de seus atributos físicos e químicos. Para avaliar o efeito dos tratamentos sobre os atributos físico-químicos do substrato foi utilizada a análise multivariada de componentes principais. Os níveis de adubação e doses de hidrogel foram correlacionados com os atributos dos substratos obtidos em cada tratamento. A incorporação de diferentes níveis de adubação e doses de hidrogel ao substrato modificaram seus atributos químicos e físicos. A adubação influenciou principalmente os atributos químicos do substrato, enquanto que o hidrogel os atributos físicos, principalmente os relacionados à capacidade de retenção e disponibilidade de água.

Endoglucanase production by endophytic fungi isolated from vitis labrusca l. with peanut hull and sawdust as substrates / Produção de endoglucanase por fungos endofíticos isolados de Vitis labrusca L. utilizando casca de amendoim e serragem como substratos

Endoglucanases are enzymes widely employed in different industrial fields, albeit with high production costs. Studies on new microbial sources and low-cost substrates are highly relevant, including those on agro-industrial. Current analysis evaluates peanut hull (PH) and sawdust (SD) as substrates for submerged cultures of 14 endophytic fungi isolated from grapevine (Vitis labrusca L.) cultivars Bordô and Concord. Endophytes were grown on a carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) medium and the cup plate assay showed that eight strains (belonging to genera Cochliobolus, Diaporthe, Fusarium and Phoma) had positive results: enzymatic halos ranged from 10.8±0.02to 15.5±0.07 mm in diameter. Diaporthe sp. strains (GenBank accession codes KM362392, KM362368 and KM362378) and Fusariumculmorum KM362384 were highlighted as the most promising sources. Further, PH and SD as substrates for the fermentation of these fungi were evaluated by the cup plate assay and endoglucanase activity assay. Highest halo diameters were obtained for Diaporthe sp. KM362392: 16.1±0.01 mm (CMC), 14.5±0.01 mm (PH) and 14.7±0.03 mm (SD). The fungus also presented the highest levels of endoglucanase activity: analysis of variance revealed that CMC (3.52±0.98 µmol/min), PH (2.93±0.23 µmol/min) and SD (3.26±0.38 µmol/min) were similarly efficient as substrates. Results deepen knowledge on V. labrusca endophytes that may be endoglucanase sources, eventhough further optimizations in submerged cultures with PH and SD should be undertaken to increase theenzymatic production from these wastes.

Endoglucanases são enzimas amplamente empregadas em diferentes setores industriais; embora sua produção apresente custos elevados. Estudos sobre novas fontes microbianas e substratos mais baratos são de grande importância, incluindo os resíduos agroindustriais. Nesse estudo, casca de amendoim (CA) e serragem (SE) foram testadas como substratos para o cultivo submerso de 14 fungos endofíticos isolados das cultivares Bordô e Concord de videira (Vitis labrusca L.) Os endófitos foram crescidos em meio contendo carboximetilcelulose (CMC) e o ensaio cup plate mostrou resultados positivos para oito fungos (pertencentes aos gêneros Cochliobolus, Diaporthe, Fusarium and Phoma); os halos enzimáticos variaram entre 10,8±0,02 e 15,5±0,07 mm de diâmetro. Linhagens de Diaporthe sp. (códigos de acesso no GenBank KM362392, KM362368 e KM362378) e Fusariumculmorum KM362384 se destacaram como produtores mais promissores. Então, o uso de CA e SE como substratos para a fermentação desses fungos foi avaliado pelo ensaio cup plate e pela quantificação da atividade de endoglucanase. Os maiores halos enzimáticos foram obtidos para Diaporthe sp. KM362392: 16,1±0,01 mm (CMC), 14,5±0,01 mm (CA) e 14,7±0,03 mm (SE). Esse fungo também apresentou os maiores níveis de endoglucanase: a análise de variância revelou que CMC (3,52±0,98 µmol/min), CA (2,93±0,23 µmol/min) e SE (3,26±0,38 µmol/min) foram substratos similarmente eficientes. Esses resultados expandem o conhecimento sobre endófitos de V. labrusca que são fontes de endoglucanases; futuras otimizações quanto ao cultivo submerso com CA e SE podem ser utilizadas para aumentar a produção enzimática a partir do uso desses resíduos.

In vitro conservation and acclimatization of epidendroideae (Orchidaceae) from Sergipe, Brazil / Conservação in vitro e aclimatização de Epidendroideae (Orchidaceae) de Sergipe, Brasil

Orchids are known for the beauty, exuberance, and color of their flowers and therefore represent one of the most coveted ornamental plants. Due to their high commercial value, several illegal practices of removal and commercialization have led to the verge of extinction. This study aimed to develop protocols for in vitro conservation under slow growth and acclimatization of species of the subfamily Epidendroideae (Orchidaceae), from the state of Sergipe, Brazil. Two experiments were conducted: the first one tested four concentrations of MS (MURASHIGE and SKOOG, 1962) (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%), three orchid species (Catasetum macrocarpum, Oeceoclades maculata, and Polystachya estrellensis), and two temperatures (18 and 25ºC); the second one tested three combinations of carbon sources and osmotic regulators (20 g L-1 sucrose; 10 g L-1 sucrose + 5 g L-1 de mannitol; 10 g L-1 sucrose + 5 g L-1 sorbitol) and the same three species and two temperatures. For the in vitro conservation of C. macrocarpum, O. maculata, and P. estrellensis over 450 days, the use of 25% of MS salts or 20 g.L-1 sucrose at 25ºC is recommended. C. macrocarpum seedlings were acclimatized using sand + shredded pine bark + worm castings at a ratio of 2:2:1 (w:w:w). The use of sand alone is recommended for the acclimatization of O. maculata

As orquídeas são conhecidas pela beleza, exuberância e cores de suas flores e por isso representam uma das plantas ornamentais mais cobiçadas. Devido ao alto valor comercial, muitas são as práticas ilegais de retirada e comercialização de orquídeas, o que leva as espécies à beira de extinção. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver protocolos para a conservação in vitro sob crescimento lento e aclimatação de espécies da subfamília Epidendroideae (Orchidaceae) do Estado de Sergipe, Brasil. Dois experimentos foram realizados: o primeiro ensaio testou quatro concentrações dos sais MS (MURASHIGE e SKOOG, 1962) (25, 50, 75 e 100%), três espécies (Catasetum macrocarpum, Oeceocladesmaculata e Polystachya estrellensis) e duas temperaturas (18 e 25ºC); o segundo ensaio testou três combinações de fontes de carbono e reguladores osmóticos (20 g L-1 de sacarose; 10 g L-1 de sacarose + 5 g L-1 manitol; 10 g L-1 de sacarose + 5 g L-1 sorbitol), três espécies (C. macrocarpum, O. maculata e P. estrellensis) e duas temperaturas (18 e 25ºC). Para executar a aclimatação, oito substratos foram testados para as espécies C. macrocarpum e O. maculata. Para realizar a conservação in vitro de C. macrocarpum, O. maculata e P.estrellensis ao longo de 450 dias, recomenda-se a utilização 25% dos sais de MS ede 20 g L-1 de sacarose a 25°C. Mudas de C. macrocarpum foram aclimatizadas utilizando areia + casca de pinus + húmus de minhoca (2:2:1). Recomenda-se a utilização de areia para aclimatização de O. maculata.

Adequacy of methodology for conducting germination test in forage pea seeds / Adequação da metodologia para condução do teste de germinação em sementes de ervilha forrageira

Seeds presents variable germination performance at different temperatures and substrates, which are basic components of germination test. Within this context, this work aimed to adapt the methodology for the seeds germination's test of P. sativum subsp. arvense. The experiment required four portions of seeds, five temperature degrees (15, 20, 25, 20-30 and 15-25 °C), and two substrata (roll of paper and in sand). Seeds evaluation considered the following: moisture degree and germination test. The effect of seed portion, substrata and temperature in germination was assessed on a daily basis. It was calculated the rate of germination, of anormal plants, of dormant and dead seeds, and of speed of germination index; initial, final and average times, and synchrony. The experimental design consisted of random blocks with four replications, while conjoint analysis was the statistical procedure adopted. The germination test for forage pea seeds should be conducted at the constant temperature 20 °C in roll of paper substratewith the first count and final count on the 4th and 7th day, respectively.

As sementes apresentam desempenho germinativo variável em diferentes temperaturas e substratos, que são componentes básicos do teste de germinação. Dentro deste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo adequar a metodologia para o teste de germinação de sementes de P. sativum subsp. arvense. Para tanto, foram utilizados quatro lotes de sementes, cinco temperaturas (15, 20, 25, 20-30 e 15-25 °C) e dois substratos (rolo de papel e entre areia). O teor de água das sementes foi determinado antes das avaliações e o efeito dos lotes, substratos e temperaturas sobre a germinação foi avaliado diariamente. Calculou-se a porcentagem de germinação, de plântulas anormais, de sementes dormentes e mortas, o índice de velocidade de germinação, os tempos inicial, final e médio e sincronia. O delineamento adotado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e o procedimento estatístico adotado foi análise conjunta. O teste de germinação deve ser conduzido na temperatura constante de 20 °C, em substrato rolo de papel com primeira contagem e contagem final ao 4° e 7° dia, respectivamente.

Colonization of benthic invertebrates on artificial and natural substrate in a Neotropical lotic environment in Southern Brazil

The objective of this research was to validate the colonization process on natural and artificial substrates by benthic invertebrates in a tropical stream in South Brazil. The samples were performed in July and August-2012, and 32 samplers were used, being 16 natural and 16 artificial substrates. In each sample, two replicas were taken for each substrate at the 2th, 4th, 7th, 14th, 21th28th, 35th and 42thdays of colonization. The organisms were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. In both substrates 3,070 benthic invertebrates were detected, of which 1,753 individuals were collected on the natural substrate, and 1,317 on the artificial substrate. From the identified taxa 8.5% were not dominant (Anacroneuria, Orthocladiinae, Tupiara, Smicridea, Baetodes, Tupiperla, Macrogynoplax, Gripopteryx, Cylloepus, Macrelmis, Microcylloepus, Hetaerina, Argia, Coryphaeschna, Atopsyche, Pomacea, Corydalus, Leptohyphes and Eccoptura), and31.5% were dominant (Tanypodinae, Chironominae, and Paragripopteryx). The genus Simulium was very common, dominant and abundant, representing 65% of the collected individuals. No significant difference was found in the abundance and species composition between artificial and natural substrates. On the natural substrate, the higher colonization index was at the 35th day with 459 individuals, and the lowest was at the 14th day, with 87. On the artificial substrate the highest index was at the 42thday with 337 individuals, and the lowest was at the 4th day, with 85. Both natural and artificial substrates are efficient in characterizing the benthic community. In the evaluation of the ecological succession, it was not possible to observe a pattern that described the process, since the composition was nearly constant throughout the study period.

Assessment of pectinase-producing fungi isolated from soil and the use of orange waste as a substrate for pectinase production

Pectinases are important enzymes not only for their potential applications in different industries such animal feed, agricultural, textile, beverage, food processing, oil extraction, etc. Ten fungal species were isolated from the soil and screened for production of pectinase enzyme by using the pectin agar medium. Pectinolytic enzymes synthesis were attained at a temperature of 30 °C and activities were determined after a seven-days culture of Aspergillus sp. 391 and Aspergillus sp. 031, in a basic medium containing 2% citrus pectin and as the sole carbon source. The extract enzymatic showed an optimum activity for exo-polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin lyase (PNL) against galacturonic acid and pectin at pH 4.5 and 5.5, respectively. There were variations in PG and PNL enzymes levels produced in culture filtrates obtained of Aspergillus sp. 391 with addition of citrus waste (2.0 and 4.0 % w/v) to the medium. Maximum activity for PNL activity was observed in the medium containing 5% pectin or 4% citrus waste, as sole carbon source, after 7 days of growth. The results showed that the isolate Aspergillus sp. 391 is a promising for pectinolytic enzymes production at the industrial level.(AU)

Aislamiento y producción de basidiomas de cepas nativas de Volvariella bombycina (Schaeff) Singer, utilizando desechos agrícolas / Isolation and production of basidiomes from native strains of Volvariella bombycina (Schaeff) Singer, using agro-industrial wastes

Volvariella bombycina es una especie de hongo saprófito comestible que crece en troncos de árboles muertos y sobre la cual existe abundante información acerca de su sabor y propiedades nutricionales y medicinales. En Guatemala esta especie se consume en diversas regiones templado-cálidas del país, pero a la fecha no existe ningún estudio sobre su cultivo a nivel local. La presente investigación se realizó con el fin de conocer el comportamiento de tres cepas guatemaltecas de V. bombycina cultivadas en desechos agroindustriales. Las cepas fueron aisladas de basidiomas recolectados en bosques cercanos a la Ciudad de Guatemala, utilizándose medio PDA para el aislamiento y temperatura de 30 ºC para incubación. En la producción de inóculo se calculó la tasa de extensión radial (RER) sobre granos de sorgo y trigo en cajas de Petri. Para la obtención de basidiomas se evaluaron seis sustratos de desechos agrícolas: pasto jaraguá, caña y olote de maíz, rastrojo de frijol, paja de trigo, paja de arroz y tronco de tonché (Ipomoea murucoides), en frascos de vidrio. Se encontró que no hubo diferencia estadística significativa en el análisis de la RER entre las cepas VNPNU-01 y AADM-01 (p > .05), pero sí con la cepa VNPNU-02 (p < .05). Se obtuvieron basidiomas de V. bombycina en los seis sustratos evaluados, siendo la cepa AADM-01 la más productiva. De acuerdo con este estudio, las tres cepas guatemaltecas de V. bombycina pueden ser utilizadas en la producción de basidiomas en desechos agrícolas, lo que permitiría obtener un alimento nutritivo y generar ingresos a quienes deseen cultivar este hongo.

Volvariella bombycina is a species of edible saprophyte fungus that grows on logs of dead trees and about which there is information about its taste and nutritional and medicinal properties. In Guatemala this species is consumed in several warm regions of the country, but there is still no study on its cultivation locally. The present investigation was carried out in order to know the behavior of three Guatemalan strains of V. bombycina when cultivated in agricultural wastes. The strains were isolated from basidiomata collected in forests close to Guatemala City, using PDA medium and a temperature of 30ºC for incubation. In the inoculum production, the radial extension rate (RER) was calculated using sorghum and wheat grains in Petri dishes. For obtaining basidiomata, six agricultural wastes substrates were analyzed: grazing grass, cane and corn cob, stubble of bean, wheat straw, rice straw and tonché trunk (Ipomoea murucoides), in glass jars. There was found no significant difference in the statistical analysis of the RER with the VNPNU-01 and AADM-01 strains (p > .05), but it was significant with the VNPNU-02 strain (p > .05). Basidiomata of V. bombycina were obtained in the six substrates evaluated, being the AADM-01 strain the most productive. According to this evaluation, the three Guatemalan strains of V. bombycina can be used in the production of basidiomas using agricultural wastes, what would allow the production of a nutritious food and generate another income for those who want to grow this mushroom.

Different temperatures and substrates on Parkia platycephala Benth seeds germination / Diferentes temperaturas e substratos para germinação de sementes de Parkia platycephala benth

The faveira bean (Parkia platycephala Benth.), belongs to the Fabaceae family, this species is recommended for afforestation and also has a forage potential. In addition, it has the potential of landscaping, the wood can be used for box-office, tables for internal divisions in small constructions, linings, confection of toys, as well as for firewood and charcoal. That way, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different temperature and substrate on the germination of seeds of P. platycephala. The study was carried out at the laboratory for analysis of Seeds of the Department of Plant Science and Environmental Agricultural Sciences Center of the da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, in Areia - PB. Therefore, a completely randomized design and a 6 x 4 factorial arrangement were performed, consisting of the combinations of six temperatures (25, 30 and 35 °C constant and 20-30, 20-35 and 25-35 °C alternating) and four substrates (sand, coconut fiber, paper and vermiculite). To evaluate the effect of the treatments were performed germination test, first count and germination speed index, length of plants, root and aerial dry matter. The constant temperature of 35 °C provided better performance of seeds Parkia platycephala when using the sand as substrate.

A faveira (Parkia platycephala Benth.), pertence à família Fabaceae, é uma espécie recomendada para arborização e também possui potencial forrageiro. Além disso, tem potencial paisagístico, a madeira pode ser utilizada para caixotaria, tabuados para divisões internas em pequenas construções, forros, confecção de brinquedos, bem como para lenha e carvão. Dessa forma, o trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de diferentes temperaturas e substratos na germinação de sementes de P. platycephala. O mesmo foi realizado no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes, do Departamento de Fitotecnia e Ciências Ambientais do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, no município de Areia, PB. Portanto, realizou-se experimento em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso e arranjo fatorial 6 x 4, constituídos pelas combinações de seis temperaturas (25, 30 e 35 °C constantes e 20-30, 20-35 e 25-35 °C alternadas) e quatro substratos (areia, fibra de coco, papel e vermiculita). Para avaliação dos tratamentos realizou-se testes de germinação e vigor (primeira contagem e índice de velocidade de germinação, bem como o comprimento e massa seca das raízes e parte área). O substrato areia na temperatura de 35 °C é recomendado para testes de germinação e vigor em sementes de Parkia platycephala.